When pilots encounter turbulence while flying commercial airplanes, their response varies depending on the severity of the turbulence.

Just as ocean waves break on a beach, air also forms waves as it encounters mountains. While some air passes smoothly over and onward, some air masses crowd against the mountains themselves, left with nowhere to go but up. These “mountain waves” can propagate as wide, gentle oscillations into the atmosphere, but they can also break up into many tumultuous currents, which we experience as turbulence.

Pilots are trained to manage turbulence through a series of well-defined procedures. Initially, they will ensure that passengers and crew are seated and securely fastened by turning on the fasten seatbelt sign. Communication is key, so the flight crew will inform passengers of the situation, providing reassurance and instructions to remain seated.

In mild turbulence, pilots might make small adjustments to the aircraft’s speed and altitude to find a smoother flight path. They rely on weather radar and reports from other pilots to navigate around or through turbulent areas. In more severe turbulence, pilots may request a different flight level from air traffic control to avoid the turbulent airspace.

Modern aircraft are designed to handle a significant amount of stress, but pilots will still slow the aircraft to its “turbulence penetration speed” to minimize the forces on the airframe. This speed is lower than the cruising speed and allows the plane to safely absorb the impacts of turbulence without compromising structural integrity.

Furthermore, pilots continuously monitor the aircraft’s systems and performance during turbulence. Autopilot systems are often engaged to help maintain stability and control. However, pilots are ready to take manual control if necessary, ensuring the safety and comfort of everyone on board.