Aviation

Nine freedoms of the air

The freedoms of the air refer to a set of commercial aviation rights that allow airlines from one country to fly into and land in the airspace of another. The first two freedoms deal with commercial aircraft flying over foreign airspace and airports, while the remaining freedoms deal with international transportation of people, mail, and goods.

• First freedom
The right to fly across another country without having to land.

• Second freedom
The ability to refueling or perform maintenance in another country without having to board or disembark passengers or cargo.

• Third freedom
The ability to travel between one’s own country and another.

• Fourth freedom
The freedom to fly from another country to one’s own.

• Fifth freedom
The ability to travel across two foreign countries on a flight that starts or ends in one’s own country.

• Sixth freedom
The ability to fly from one country to another while making a non-technical stop in one’s own country.
➢ Modified sixth freedom
The right to travel across two locations in a foreign land while making a non-technical stop in one’s own country.

• Seventh freedom
The ability to fly across two foreign countries without passing through one’s own country.

• Eighth freedom
The ability to fly within a foreign country after departing from or returning to one’s home country.

• Ninth freedom
The ability to travel inside a foreign country without returning to one’s own.

Commercial aviation is subject to the freedoms of the air. Even if countries permit the services, airlines may still be restricted from using them due to treaty provisions or other factors

Aviation

Aeroflot Buys Used Planes for Spare Parts Amid Sanctions

In the face of ongoing Western sanctions that have severely impacted Russia’s aviation industry, Aeroflot, the country’s largest airline, has devised a strategic plan to bolster its fleet’s spare parts inventory.

The airline is set to acquire five Boeing 737-800BCF freighters from Atran Airlines, a move that will allow it to dismantle the aircraft for critical components. The planes, which will be transferred to Aeroflot’s low-cost subsidiary Pobeda, will not be converted into passenger jets but instead will be stripped for valuable parts to support existing operations.

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Aeroflot’s plan to purchase these Boeing 737-800BCF freighters comes as part of a broader strategy to mitigate the effects of Western sanctions, which have crippled the Russian aviation sector. With the sanctions restricting access to essential aircraft parts and spare components, Aeroflot is exploring alternative ways to maintain and repair its fleet.

Instead of converting the freighters from cargo to passenger planes, a process deemed “unreasonably expensive” under current sanctions, the airline intends to focus on extracting high-value components such as engines, landing gear, avionics, and other essential systems.

The deal will be structured in a way that allows Aeroflot to indirectly purchase the freighters through an insurance settlement with the aircraft’s lessor, AerCap.

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The Russian government’s insurance company will reimburse the aircraft’s value, and the planes will then be leased back to local operators. This method circumvents some of the restrictions imposed by international sanctions while ensuring that the airline gains access to the necessary components to support its fleet.

By dismantling the aircraft for spare parts, Aeroflot aims to secure critical resources for the ongoing maintenance of its existing fleet. Components from the Boeing 737-800BCF freighters, such as engines and avionics, are expected to be reused in other aircraft within Aeroflot’s network, ensuring that the airline can keep its operations running smoothly